1971] 
Hlavac — A ntenna Cleaner 
65 
6. Specialized antenna cleaners may have evolved in parallel 
along two pathways: the setal band is shifted with or without the 
posterior spur. 
7. In permitting use of coxal rotation as a grooming movement 
and in preventing the antenna from being dragged across the sub- 
strate, antenna grooming behavior of a form with a highly specialized 
cleaner represents a mechanical improvement over a form with a 
slightly modified configuration. 
8. Reduction of the antenna cleaner is uncommon and always 
occurs with reduction in antennal setation. 
9. The least specialized antenna cleaners are found in forms 
with the least specialized pro-mesathoracic joint. 
10. The grades of antenna cleaners may represent historical 
sequences of mechanical improvement. 
Abbreviations Used in the Figures 
ASp — anterior spur 
ASR — interior setal row 
Ch — antennal channel 
CLS — clip seta(ae) 
CON — confluent region of SB and ASR 
D — distal region of SB (— confluent region when ASR is present) 
DC — distal cluster 
PSp — posterior spur 
PSR — posterior setal row 
R — row(s) of setae on mesotibia 
Rng — apical ring of setae on mesotibia 
SB — setal band 
SE — setose regions of the antenna 
References Cited 
Ball, G. E. 
1963. Carabidae. In R. H. Arnett, Jr., The Beetles of the United 
States, pp. 55-181. 
Banninger, M. 
1927. Die Ozaenini. Deutsche Ent. Zeit. (1927), pp. 177-216. 
Bell, R. T. 
1964. Does Gehringia belong to the Isochaeta? Coleop. Bull. 18: 59-61. 
1967. Coxal cavities and the classification of the Adephaga. Ann. Ent. 
Soc. Amer. 60: 101-107. 
Darlington, P. J., Jr. 
1950. Paussid beetles. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 76: 47-142. 
Habu, A. 
1967. Carabidae. Truncatipennes group. Fauna Japonica, Tokyo, 1-338. 
Jander, U. 
1966. Untersuchungen zur Stammegeschichte von putzbewegungen von 
Tracheaten. Z. Tierpsychol. 23: 799-844. 
Jeannel, R. 
1944. Coleopteres Carabiques. Faune de France 39: 1-571. 
