154 
Psyche 
[September 
Fig. 3. Male Lycosa rabida disoriented 180° from the normal position 
while above the female in copula. 
observed during copulation in the normal pairs in this or previous 
studies of lycosid mating behavior. 
Males unable to use one or both palps (due to modification of 
the males) performed courtship display at various times while 
mounted on the female. Those males possessing one usable palp often 
followed each successful insertion with a brief period of courtship 
that was initiated after the shift to the non-functional side and the 
subsequent adoption of a medial position. Thus the male alternated 
copulation with courtship. In some cases, courtship was initiated 
soon ofter mount; e.g., one male began to display after having suc- 
cessfully inserted the functional palp only three times. 
Males possessing one usable palp always shifted either to a medial 
position or completely over to the non-functional side after each 
successful insertion. However, when visiting the non-functional side, 
these males typically did not lean ventrad as steeply as did normal 
males. After resting momentarily, the experimental males either 
shifted back immediately to the functional side or initiated a bout 
of courtship display. The average duration of insertion of the func- 
tional palp in these males ranged from 7.1 sec in one male to 15.8 
in another. 
