156 
Psyche 
[September 
movements, the male scraped his chelicerae against the female's cara- 
pace (or, rarely, abdomen) and alternately spread and closed the 
chelicerae as they slid over the female’s surface. Some of these bouts 
terminated with the male’s use of his chelicerae to grasp the rim of 
the female’s carapace or a basal segment of one of her appendages 
and to lift that end of her body dorsad. Synchronous erection of his 
leg spines accompanied each tug by the male. The female did not 
respond to the male’s tugs, even though: (i) males disoriented i8o° 
tugged at structures near the female’s face; and (2) puncture of a 
joint membrane and loss of a drop of hemolymph occurred in a few 
females due to the male’s vigorous cheliceral grasping. After one 
or more tugs, the male became inactive but maintained his hold on 
the female with his chelicerae. The pattern of behavior in males 
lacking the use of both palps was that of an alternation of inactive 
periods (with the male located medially or leaning slightly to one 
side of the female) with periods involving one or more of the above- 
described behaviors. Abdominal vibrations continued during the 
male’s inactive periods. 
Half of the males with both palps unavailable and one-fifth of the 
males with one palp unavailable occasionally performed “tying down”. 
In this behavior the male pivoted on the female’s carapace in a clock- 
wise or counter-clockwise direction while laying down a barely visible 
silk line over the legs and abdomen of the female. The silk on the 
legs usually contacted the patellar and tibial segments; less fre- 
quently, the femora. At a few points in the crude circle, the silk 
was attached to the substratum. During tying down the male typ- 
ically moved through a complete 360° and resumed the normal posi- 
tion. Less often the male momentarily stopped at 180 0 and then 
returned to the normal position by either continuing to 360° or re- 
versing direction and covering the same ground again. Even though 
the male stopped briefly at 180° (or, rarely, 90° or 270°), he did 
not initiate any other behavior at these points, but soon resumed 
tying down in a return to the normal position. Thus, tying down 
was distinct from the behavior described above as disorientation, in 
that the latter: (1) did not involve release of silk; (2) involved 
pivoting through arcs of 180° or less; and (3) usually was accom- 
panied by other behaviors while the male was in an abnormal posi- 
tion. 'Lying down was shown in pairs in which the female was 
inactive throughout the copulation (except for abdominal swiveling) ; 
i.e., tying down typically was neither preceded nor followed by activ- 
ity in the female. When resuming locomotion at the end of the 
