1971] 
Rovner — W olf Spiders 
159 
Table II. 
Percentages of male Lycosa rabida performing various behaviors during 
copulation. (This summary was obtained by appropriate re-groupings of 
the data presented in Table I.) 
Both $ palps 
% 
Courtship 
% 
Disorientation 
% Tying 
down 
% Pseudo 
insertion 
unavailable 
One $ palp 
80.0 
66.7 
46.7 
unavailable 
One or both $ 
53.3 
13.3 
20.0 
13.3 
pores unavailable 
$ and 9 
30.0 
0.0 
0.0 
80.0 
untreated 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
seen during normal moistening. Likewise, those males in which only 
one palp was fixed dorsad alternated moistening of the available palp 
with periods in which the cheliceral movement continued without the 
available palp being drawn between the chelicerae. 
Males unable to insert one palp due to unilateral modification of 
themselves or their partners usually shifted over to that unavailable 
side after a successful insertion. After a bout of attempted insertions 
and palpal moistening or a period of inactivity on the unavailable 
side, the male shifted back to the functional side. In other words, 
throughout most of the copulation such males maintained a pattern 
of right-left alternation and did not remain on one side or the other 
for an extensive period of time. Towards the end of the mating, 
some of the males paired with females having one pore sealed did 
tend to perform an increased number of insertion attempts on the 
sealed side. Another irregularity in the right-left pattern which 
occurred occasionally in males of various experimental pairings was 
the attempted use of the “wrong” palp while on one side of the fe- 
male. For example, while on the female’s right side, the male would 
press his left palp against the base of the female’s right leg IV and 
achieve a partial (or, rarely, complete) hematodochal expansion. 
Females paired with males lacking both palps or males having both 
palps fixed dorsad showed appropriate abdominal swiveling when the 
male shifted from one side to the other. Abdominal swiveling was 
also elicited experimentally in females that had remained in the 
so-called cataleptic state after the male’s dismount, as well as in a 
few females which had already resumed an active state, e.g., a de- 
fensive posture. In the latter instances, the females returned to the 
passive copulatory condition when I pressed down on their posterior 
carapace with a probe. Abdominal swiveling was subsequently elicited 
in the below-described manner. It was also possible to elicit abdom- 
