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Psyche 
[December 
Arphia conspersa. For a full discussion of the life history and be- 
havior of this oedipodine species, refer to our previous papers (Wil- 
ley and Willey, 1967 and 1969). The species is spring-brooded with 
the nymphs (hoppers) overwintering during the third or fourth in- 
star. The populations seem to be formed of loosely interacting social 
colonies which tends to reduce vagility. Their habitat preference 
seems to be a short narrow-leaved grassland with enough bare ground 
for courtship. Their altitudinal limit depends on slope and exposure 
and not yet understood limiting factors, but is between 970010,300 
ft at the latitude of Black Mesa (38°3o' =+= 7'3o" N.). The species 
is seldom found in dense tail-grass meadow, thick aspen or spruce-fir 
forest, dense chaparral or in irrigated pastures. Nor is it likely to 
be found on extensive bare rock or freshly disturbed areas. It seems 
to prefer serai edges and, despite its apparent lack of vagility, seems 
to be an opportunistic species, often appearing in regrown road cuts 
and chained (cleared) chaparral/grasslands within 5 years if estab- 
lished adjacent populations are available (Locality #6ob, from Buck- 
horn Gulch #5ia). However, Alexander and Hilliard (1969) list 
this species as a non-adventive species, seldom occurring in zones 
where it is not resident as nymphs, e.g., alpine zones and the timber- 
line ecotone. 
Zoogeography. Plate 3 shows the location and graphed wing-color 
proportions of each major deme on and adjacent to Black Mesa. 
Figure 1 is the protocol of each deme. We must emphasize that the 
proportions refer only to phenotypes, since the genetic analysis is 
still under investigation. Nevertheless, it is striking that phenotype 
proportions are quite similar within a gulch and may differ by 25% 
from the adjacent gulch. From the west, the only possible path of 
invasion to the mesa top is along the slopes of Long Gulch on the 
southwest or up Crystal Creek on the northwest. The nearest nearly 
100% orange-winged population is #52(a) [Fig. 2] which is sep- 
arated from the nearest Long Gulch demes (60% orange-winged) 
by a virgin spruce-fir forest only one-half mile thick. Northward, 
the nearest Crystal Creek deme is #25 on the 9200 ft contour. The 
passage onto Black Mesa rises to 10,500 on Powell Ridge and is, 
from all appearances, a suitable meadow and cut-over forest habitat, 
but presently that area is uninhabited by Arphia. 
Between Long Gulch and Mesa Creek are thin strips of aspen- 
spruce forest (some of which were lumbered 30-40 years ago) and 
very dense growths of Festuca thurberi. This latter is such a sufficient 
barrier that demes #53a (the Mounds) and #53b (the Forks) 
maintain proportions of 35-40% yellow and 60-75 % yellow re- 
