338 
Psyche 
[September-December 
Conclusions 
Analysis of micromovements during insect communication is. 
crucial to understanding the external effects of internal neuromus- 
cular systems and would be a desirable part of electrode implanta- 
tion experiments as those performed by Eisner & Huber (1973) 
and Eisner (1974b). In addition, the comparative behavioral 
analysis is much enhanced if the motion is precisely linked with the 
signal presented. As Walker et al. (1970) have pointed out and 
demonstrated (Walker & Dew, 1972), if the motions are similar 
and produced by the same neuromuscular mechanisms (but the 
acoustic signals differ between taxa) then those taxa probably have 
some common lineage. I think this may be truer of insects which 
call to prospective mates from hidden positions than the Oedipodinae 
which seem to have a system of visual semaphores (colored hind- 
femora, tibiae, and/or abdomens) presented simultaneously with the 
acoustic signals in close visual communication (Willey & Willey, 
1969). Thus careful analysis of oedipodine signals may reveal — 
as Otte (1970, 1972) and Steinberg & Willey (1974) indicate — 
that the acoustic signals often are a lingua franca among closely 
related as well as relatively unrelated taxa, advertising sex, physio- 
logical state, and “mood”. Motion or color variation may be the 
species-specific component. We are not yet in a position to postulate 
rules of phylogeny as far as the oedipodine grasshoppers are con- 
cerned. 
Summary 
The unitary stridulation (chirp) of a band- winged grasshopper 
species has been analyzed by ultra-high-speed motion photography 
(ptenocinematography) , audiospectrography, and scanning electron 
microscopy. By means of a two-lens system, oscillographic traces of 
the sounds were synchronized with a motion picture of these sounds; 
at 0.5 msec per picture. This was sufficient to determine that the- 
downstroke of the hind femora, pressing against the tegminal stridu- 
latory file, produced the definitive signal previously recorded audio- 
spectrographically and oscillographically by other authors. The- 
oscillographic spike frequency was proved to be at a 1 : 1 ratio with 
the number of pegs struck by the femoral scraper. The right and 
left hind femora move in synchrony on the upstroke and produce a 
very weak and irregular series of acoustical spikes; however the two 
femora pass out of phase to produce the high amplitude and higher 
velocity downstroke (>4650 Hz per femur). Mechanically, this. 
