198 
Psyche 
[Vol. 95 
Table 3. Pgm genotype frequencies of A. versicolor queens from foundress 
associations. Groups are listed from largest to smallest in size; the frequencies among 
14 solitary queens are given for comparison. 
Foundress 
Group 
Pgm Genotype 
FF 
FS 
ss 
FA 4 
12 
3 
0 
FA 6 
11 
2 
0 
FA 13 
9 
3 
0 
FA 5 
9 
2 
0 
FA 2 
4 
0 
1 
FA 1 
3 
1 
0 
FA 3 
3 
1 
0 
FA 17 
4 
0 
0 
FA 25 
3 
1 
0 
FA 34 
4 
0 
0 
FA 7 
2 
1 
0 
FA 8 
3 
0 
0 
FA 10 
3 
0 
0 
FA 11 
3 
0 
0 
FA 12 
3 
0 
0 
FA 14 
3 
0 
0 
FA 31 
2 
1 
0 
FA 32 
2 
1 
0 
FA 33 
3 
0 
0 
FA 35 
3 
0 
0 
FA 9 
2 
0 
0 
FA 15 
1 
1 
0 
FA 16 
1 
1 
0 
FA 18 
2 
0 
0 
FA 19 
2 
0 
0 
FA 21 
4 
1 
0 
Total: 
98 
19 
1 
Solitary: 
13 
1 
0 
adjacent colonies (Pollock and Rissing 1985). Under the latter sys- 
tem, small numbers of reproductives (especially males) released per 
day enhance sampling error associated with the distribution of genes 
with colonies, thus enhancing genetic variance within a population. 
Starting colonies of four North American ant species ( Myrmeco - 
cystus mimicus, Solenopsis invicta, V. pergandei and A. versicolor) 
have clumped starting nests, yet adult colonies of these species are 
highly territorial, leading to strong intraspecific competition among 
starting colonies in the form of brood raiding (reviewed in Pollock 
