1988] 
Carpenter — Gayellini 
223 
cates nothing about phylogenetic relationship (Hennig, 1966). On 
the other hand, Paragayella shares several clear synapomorphies 
with Paramasaris. These include the forewing with r-m 3 more or 
less straight (Figs. 5-6; sinuous in Gayella and other Vespidae, Figs. 
1, 4), the pronotum with two carinae (Figs. 29-31, 40; one in Gayella 
Fig. 7), the metanotum with a longitudinal median carina (Figs. 33, 
46; none in other Masarinae), and the metasoma petiolate (tergum I 
in dorsal view at least twice as long as wide and half the width of 
tergum II, Figs. 35, 40-41; it is differently shaped in Euparagiinae, 
Masarini and Gayella, Figs. 1, 43-45). Paragayella is the sister- 
group of Paramasaris. Autapomorphies of Paragayella include the 
reduced postocular carina (Fig. 20) and the transversely carinate 
metanotum (Fig. 46). 
The three species of Paramasaris share numerous synapomor- 
phies. The postocular and preoccipital carinae are apparently con- 
fluent (Fig. 19). These carinae are separated in other Gayellini, and 
the postocular carina reduced in several species ( Paragayella , the 
Gayella mutilloides group). The mandibles are tridentate with the 
proximal teeth separated from the apical one by a gap (Fig. 13). The 
mandibles are quadridentate in females of Paragayella and Gayella 
(Figs. 11, 14-15), and tridentate in males of the latter (Fig. 17; 
Richards, 1962:44, erroneously characterized the mandibles of 
Paramasaris as quadridentate and those of Gayella as simple); there 
is no gap. Quadridentate mandibles is the groundplan state of most 
of the Vespidae (Carpenter, 1981), although Euparagiinae has 
bidentate mandibles. The glossa is shortened and lacks acroglossal 
buttons, the paraglossae are broadened, and the posterior lingual 
plate is cordate in shape (Fig. 21). The posterior lingual plate is 
slightly broadened in other gayellines, but the length of the structure 
still exceeds its width (Fig. 22). The clypeus is broadly truncate (Fig. 
12), which is here treated as derived, convergent with the ground- 
plan of Masarini. Paragayella has the clypeus narrowly truncate 
(Fig. 1 1), as in Euparagiinae, which is considered the primitive state. 
A broad truncation seems most simply interpreted as derived from a 
narrow emargination, as does the pointed clypeus of Gayella (Figs. 
14-17). The posterior carina of the pronotum extends further dor- 
sad in Paramasaris (Figs. 25-26) than Paragayella (Fig. 24), a 
further apomorphic development. The propodeum has oblique 
carinae more or less developed (Figs. 31, 33), a unique trait in 
