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Psyche 
[Vol. 95 
paralyzed at least 12 L.m. workers (see below), and her gaster 
became visibly swollen. The L.m. female remained paralyzed, in the 
nest, for 40 days until she had died. This colony produced a 
considerable number of C.b. offspring (3 males, 15 females), but 
also some L.m. females and workers after the hibernation. 
In colony no. 7, the first C.b. female introduced was seriously 
attacked by the host workers. She paralyzed 18 out of the 30 
workers present, and on day 7 the L.m. female also was paralyzed. 
Five days later the host queen had recovered, however, and another 
10 days later the C.b. female was dead. A second C.b. female was 
introduced, and after short aggressions through the L.m. workers 
she was accepted and survived for more than a year. Both the host 
and the parasite queen coexisted, and the colony produced 5 males 
and 10 females of C. brunneus. 
Colony no. 5 and no. 8 represent two other instances where coex- 
istence of the host and parasite queens occurred for a long time. In 
col. 5 the first C.b. female, after a short aggression, was accepted by 
the host workers, stung and paralyzed a total of 7 among them, and 
remained in the nest together with the host queen until she died 247 
days later, after the hibernation. A second C.b. female, introduced 
in the next “summer” period, survived less than a week. The colony 
produced L.m. offspring and 7 C.b. males. Col. 8 had a similar fate, 
with the second C.b. female coexisting with the L.m. queen for 235 
days, and a third C.b. female living in the colony for 2 months. The 
production of this colony, however, was only 1 C.b. male and a 
number of host workers and females. 
As was mentioned above,. the C.b. females, having penetrated the 
host nest, are usually attacked by the host workers, and sometimes 
quickly killed through biting and pulling off their appendages. When 
the C.b. female escapes these attacks, and sometimes very soon 
(within one hour after first having entered the nest), she stings several 
host workers, which are then paralyzed, lying inside or outside the 
nest for as long as a week, with slightly trembling appendages. Most 
of them eventually die; only a few may recover. Paralyzation of host 
workers also occurred in orphaned L.m. colonies; thus in col. no. 1 
seven out of 19 workers were stung to death, and in col. no. 3, 
nineteen out of 30. The stinging of host workers may continue for 
more than 2 weeks. 
