316 
Psyche 
[Vol. 95 
Table 2. Dissection results in colonies of Leptothorax s. str. with more than one 
female. AA, two or more fully fertile queens (polygyny); AAb, AAc, AAbc, two or 
more fully fertile queens, accompanied by one or several b- and/or c-females 
(polygyny); Ab, Ac, Abe, one fertile queen, accompanied by one or several b-females 
(functional monogyny) and / or c-females; b, c, be, one or several b- and / or c-females 
without queen. 
AA 
AAb 
AAbc 
AAc 
Ab 
Abe 
Ac 
be b c 
Total 
%AA 
spec. A June 
2 a 
l a 
- 
- 
10 
4 
3 
2 2 - 
24 
8.9 
July 
- 
- 
1 
- 
3 
8 
4 
2 2 3 
21 
spec. B 
7 
3 
- 
3 
1 
1 
1 
1 - - 
17 
76.5 
retractus 
2 
1 
1 
- 
1 
- 
1 
_ _ _ 
6 
66.7 
spec. C 1 
Data from the literature: 
1 
1 
2 2 2 
be, b, c 
9 
22.2 
acervorum 1 
40 
2 
3 
12 
3 
2 
54 
5 
121 
47.1 
muscorum 2 
3 
- 
5 
1 
17 
15 
9 
6 
56 
16.1 
gredleri 1 
- 
- 
- 
- 
26 
20 
- 
46 
- 
spec. C 3 
2 
- 
- 
- 
- 
- 
- 
- 
3 
66.7 
a In two of these colonies fighting between workers was observed. 
'Buschinger, 1968a 
2 Buschinger, 1967 
3 Buschinger, 1979b 
In experiments carried out at the TH Darmstadt, L. spec. A 
females were given the chance to mate in arenas containing their 
maternal colony and in addition, empty nesting sites. Both winged 
gynomorphic and wingless intermorphic females perform a station- 
ary sexual calling behavior similar to that of other leptothoracine 
ants, the so called “Locksterzeln” (Buschinger, 1968b). Whereas 
intermorphic females regularly started sexual display within a short 
distance of the nest entrance, winged females usually showed some 
flight activity before they began sexual calling. 
Most intermorphic females returned into their mothers’ colonies 
within a few hours after mating, and none of 41 intermorphic 
females, compared to 13 of 43 gynomorphic females, hibernated 
outside their mothers’ nests. Under laboratory conditions no young, 
inseminated female, intermorphic or gynomorphic, successfully 
founded a colony on its own and raised brood during the first 
following summer. The majority of inseminated females, which were 
kept separate from workers, were able to survive two, three, or more 
hibernations. Both intermorphic and gynomorphic females left their 
