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Psyche 
[Vol. 95 
Figure 3, above and opposite. Phylogenies discussed in text. A) Consensus tree 
produced from 99 equally parsimonious trees after all characters were scaled. Species 
names are used for taxa actually used in analysis. Numbers 1-7 are node numbers; 
numbers .250, .833, etc. are branch lengths for each proximate HTU. The indicated 
character state changes are derived directly from computer analysis and are interpre- 
ted/evaluated in text. B) and C) More conservative phylogenetic hypotheses. See 
text for discussion. Generic and tribal names are used in place of species names. 
metacoxal lobes is secondarily derived in members of Q. compressa. 
Even with the above specified reduction in species number, more 
than 100 equally parsimonious trees still are produced. Rather than 
immediately further decrease the number of species, I next elected to 
scale all characters; scaling is useful because it equalizes the influ- 
ence of 2-state and multi-state characters by decreasing weights of 
character states of multi-state characters so that character states of 
all characters are on an interval from 0 to 1. For example, a 3-state 
character would be coded 0 .5-1 instead of 0-1-2 and a 4-state 
character recoded 0-. 333-. 666-1 (see Swofford 1985). With all char- 
acters scaled, 99 equally parsimonious trees are produced. The 
consensus tree (Fig. 3A) continues to show the same basic set of 
relationship proposed in Wolfe (1985). 
