448 
APPENDIX. 
peculiar properties contribute, in a remarkable manner, to their health 
and prosperity. In the first place, their shortness and greater girth of 
stem, in contradistinction to others in the interior of woods, are obviously 
intended to give to the former greater strength to resist the winds, and 
a shorter lever to act upon the roots. Secondly, their larger heads, with 
spreading branches, in consequence of the free access of light, are as 
plainly formed for the nourishment, as well as the balancing of so large 
a trunk, and also for furnishing a cover to shield it from the elements. 
Thirdly, their superior thickness and induration of bark is, in like man- 
ner, bestowed for the protection of the sap-vessels, that lie immediately 
under it, and which, without such defence from cold, could not perform 
their functions. Fourthly, their greater number and variety of roots are 
for the double purpose of nourishment and strength ; nourishment to 
support a mass of such magnitude, and strength to contend with the 
fury of the blast. Such are the obvious purposes for which the unvary- 
ing characteristics of trees in open exposures are conferred upon them. 
Nor are they conferred equally and indiscriminately upon all trees so 
situated. They seem, by the economy of nature, to be peculiar adapta- 
tions to the circumstances and wants of each individual, uniformly be- 
stowed in the ratio of exposure , greater where that is more conspicuous 
and uniformly decreasing, as it becomes less.”* 
Trees in which the protecting properties are well developed are fre- 
quently to be met with on the skirts of woods : but those standing singly 
here and there through the cultivated fields and meadows of our farm 
lands, where the roots have extended themselves freely in the mellow soil, 
are the finest subjects for removal into the lawn, park, or pleasure- 
ground. 
The machine used in removing trees of moderate size is of simple con- 
struction ; consisting of a pair of strong wheels about five feet high, a 
stout axle, and a pole about twelve feet long. In transplanting, the 
wheels and axle are brought close to the trunk of the tree, the pole is 
firmly lashed to the stem, and when the soil is sufficiently removed and 
loosened about the roots, the pole, with the tree attached, is drawn down to 
a horizontal position, by the aid of men and a pair of horses. When the 
tree is thus drawn out of the hole, it is well secured and properly ba- 
lanced upon the machine, the horses are fastened in front of the mass of 
* The Planter’s Guide, p. 105, 
