598 
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 
[turner 
In Italy Turner studied botany under Luca Ghini at 
Bologna, and took the degree of M.D. either at that University 
or at Ferrara. Continuing his travels, he visited the illustrious 
Conrad Gesner at Zurich, and became a firm friend and 
trusted correspondent of that great naturalist. 
Turner seems to have been at Basle in 1543, and the 
following year at Cologne. From this latter place he issued 
in 1544 his Avium Prcecipuarum . . . historia , dedicated to 
Edward, Prince of Wales (afterwards Edward VI.), and in 
the same year edited the posthumous work of his friend, 
Gybertus Longolius, of Utrecht (1507-43), entitled Dialogus 
de Avibus. Turner’s polemical works now followed each other 
in quick succession, and were prohibited by a proclamation of 
Henry VIII . On the death of that monarch, Turner returned to 
England, and whilst waiting for ecclesiastical preferment acted 
as physician to the Lord Protector, Somerset ; he also estab- 
lished a botanic garden at Kew. In 1551 he published in 
London Part I. of his celebrated Herbal (Part II. not being 
issued until 1562 at Cologne). At length, after several dis- 
appointments, Turner obtained the Deanery of Wells in 1550. 
The accession of Queen Mary saw Turner again a fugitive, 
and his writings were once more prohibited in England, and 
ordered to be destroyed wherever found. He returned to 
his native country when Elizabeth succeeded her sister, and 
was reinstated in his Deanery (1559). In 1564, however, he 
was again suspended for nonconformity, and took up his 
abode in London, where he completed the third part of his 
Herbal (Cologne, 1568). There he died on July 7, 1568, and 
was buried in the Church of St. Clave, Crutched Friars, where 
may be seen a tablet to his memory erected by his widow. 
His Avium Prceci'puarum . . . historia was reprinted by 
Dr. George Thackeray, Provost of King’s College, Cambridge, 
in 1823 ; the reprint is said to be as rare as the original ; and 
again by Mr. A. H. Evans, in 1903, at the Cambridge Uni- 
versity Press. Mr. Evans’s edition contains a full translation 
and many valuable notes. 
Turner’s object in writing this work is set out both in the 
