62 
Psyche 
[Vol. 91 
Table III. Statistical Analysis of Frequencies of Readily Expressed Warning 
Behaviors in Colonies of M. m. cubicola (1) 
Exp. 
# 
Leg Waving 
Movements/ Sec. 
Wing Fluttering 
Beats/ Sec. 
Pseudoattack 
Flight Time 
in Sec. 
1 
8.3 
5.6 
2.7 
2 
9.1 
6.3 
3.3 
3 
7.7 
6.7 
1.6 
4 
9.1 
6.3 
1.6 
5 
9.1 
5.3 
5.8 
6 
7.1 
7.7 
3.7 
7 
7.7 
5.3 
2.8 
8 
9.1 
5.6 
3.7 
9 
7.1 
6.3 
9.0 
10 
7.7 
6.7 
1.6 
X, SD, CV 
X = 8.2 
SD = .801 
CV = 0.64 
X = 6.18 
SD = .72 
CV = .51 
X = 4.18 
SD = 2.5 
CV = 0.60 
(1) Behaviors were recorded from different females. 
7. 1-9.1 /second (X = 8.2, SD = .801, CV = .64)_ (Table III). The 
frequency of wing fluttering was 5. 3-7. 7/ second (X = 6.2, SD = .72, 
CV = .51). We found no correlation (r = .07) between movement 
frequencies of leg waving and wing fluttering in different females 
(Table III). It appeared to us that a threshold had to be reached 
before leg waving or wing fluttering would come about, and once 
this threshold was reached, the duration of each behavior was 
dependent upon the degree of continued stimulus. However, very 
little variation appeared to exist in the frequencies of these 
behaviors in relation to the excitedness of the colony (Table III). 
Pseudoattack by multiple females was easily elicited. Yet, 
attempts at stinging were relatively rare. Departing females flew in 
the direction of intrusion but most often culminated their pseudo- 
attack with an erratic, vertically undulating flight in their return to 
the nest. In recording the duration of 10 randomly selected 
pseudoattack flights, each flight usually lasted only 1. 6-9.0 seconds 
(X = 4.2, SD = 2.5, CV = 0.60) (Table III). 
Behavior after returning to the nest often involved rapid walking 
on the nest face in apparent examination of the nest surface and its 
coinhabitants. The checking of cells and cell contents was not as 
