1984] 
Dondale & Redner — Genus Pardosa 
69 
that each opening may accommodate not only the embolus, which is 
a slender shaft, but the enlarged, sclerotized tip of the conductor as 
well. The condition is not found elsewhere in Pardosa except in two 
species of the Old World wagleri group, which have a quite different 
kind of median septum, hood, and copulatory tubes. We infer the 
condition found in the milvina group to be apomorphic, and the 
absence of the condition to be plesiomorphic. 
The base of the median septum is more or less rectangular in 
females of certain species of the group (character 4, Fig. 1; Fig. 50). 
This condition is unique among the species of Pardosa, and is 
inferred to be apomorphic. The plesiomorphic state is a triangular 
base. Also, a strongly tapered anterior part of the septum (character 
9, Fig. 1; Fig. 65), in combination with a single hood cavity, is 
inferred to be apomorphic and a broader anterior part to be 
plesiomorphic. 
The epigynal hood may extend posteriad at the sides, thus 
defining a raised, tapered, median area (character 12, Fig. 1; Fig. 
58). This condition, found only in specimens of the saxatilis 
complex, is inferred to be apomorphic. The simpler, lobed hood 
found in the other members of the milvina group is inferred to be 
plesiomorphic. 
The median apophysis, which is believed to assist indirectly in 
aligning the embolus tip with the copulatory opening, may be 
unusually short and blunt (character 2, Fig. 1; Fig. 3), with its basal 
process located at midlength on the apophysis (character 5, Fig. 1; 
Fig. 8) and having its mesal margin thickened (character 7, Fig. 1; 
Fig. 8). These states are inferred to be apomorphic and the more 
slender, elongate apophysis, with the basal process located at the 
base and with the mesal margin not thickened, to be plesiomorphic. 
The conductor in the milvina group is a stout rod, lying 
transversely in the groove between the apical division of the genital 
bulb and the tegulum. In the unexpanded bulb, only its tip is visible 
(Fig. 3), but it becomes fully exposed by dissection (Fig. 6). The 
apomorphic states of this character are inferred to be “angulate or 
pointed on basal margin” (character 3, Fig. 1; Fig. 6), “fluted at tip” 
(character 6, Fig. 1; Fig. 11), “possession of dark, shiny knob near 
tip” (character 8, Fig. 1; Fig. 21), and “knob excavated” (character 
10, Fig. 1; Figs. 38, 40, arrows). The plesiomorphic states are 
inferred to be “straight basal margin”, “thick tip”, “knob lacking”, 
and “knob not excavated”. 
