1984] 
Rut ow ski — Pier is protodice 
143 
All summary statistics are given as mean ± standard deviation. 
The 0.05 level was used in all evaluations of statistical significance. 
Results 
Production of secretions by males 
Various aspects of the observed copulations and the individuals 
that participated in them are summarized in Table 1. Again, all 
these copulations were less than 60 min in duration. All males were 
in fresh or only slightly worn condition. Several significant positive 
correlations reflect concordance in the measuring techniques. Male 
forewing length was significantly positively correlated with the 
estimate of male precopulatory body mass (Fig. 1A; r=0.71, n=26, 
p< 10 s ) and a similar relationship was found between the volume 
and the mass of male-imparted secretions (Fig. IB; r= 0.879, n=28, 
p<10 9 ). 
Qualitative microscopic observations were made on squash 
mounts of material removed from the spermatophore and the ap- 
pendix bursa found in 3 females. These observations suggest that 
the sperm packet is (1) discrete from the non-sperm matieral, (2) last 
to be deposited in the bursa copulatrix (closest to the bursal 
entrance), and (3) typically consititues 10% or less of the volume of 
material passed by the male. 
On average males passed almost 8% of their precopulatory body 
mass at copulation. However, the quantity of material passed 
measured by volume or mass was not significantly correlated with 
either male forewing length (vs. volume: r=-0.054, n=28, p=0.39; 
vs. mass: r=— 0.108, n=28, p=0.29) or male precopulatory body 
mass (vs. volume: r= -0.095, n=26, p=0.32; vs. mass: r=0.0066, 
n=26, p=0.48). The percent of male precopulatory body mass 
passed at copulation was significantly negatively correlated with 
both measures of male size (Fig. 2; forewing length: r=-0.625, 
n=26, p=0.0003; precopulatory body mass: r=-0.654, n=26, p= 
0.0001). These results suggest that all males regardless of size pass a 
typical amount of material. Small males must then obviously pass a 
larger proportion of their body mass to achieve this typical quantity. 
Copulation duration was not significantly correlated with the 
volume of material passed (r=-0.243, n=26, p=0.115) but was 
significantly negatively correlated with the mass of secretions passed 
by males (Fig. 3; r=-0.34, n=26, p=0.045). There may be a 
