1984] 
Wheeler — Behavior of Procryptocerus 
177 
Table I . (continued) 
Acts 
Workers 
Queens 
Debris 
carry, manipulate 
I78( .0261) 
lick 
ll( .0016) 
Total number of acts 
6823(1.0000) 
298(1.0000) 
food with another adult ant. Since donating and begging are com- 
bined, the number must be halved to be compared to the “regurgita- 
tion with” category reported in other behavioral repertoires. This 
figure (8.0%) is higher than in C. atratus, where donating made up 
about less than 2% of worker acts (Corn, 1980). It is much lower 
than the relative frequency of exchange found in Z. varians by both 
Wilson (1976) and Cole (1980), 22.8% and 21 .3% respectively, as the 
rate of regurgitation in minor workers. Z. varians soldiers have a 
more limited repertoire than minor workers and devote over 40% of 
their behavioral acts to exchange of liquid food (Wilson, 1976; Cole, 
1980). 
The relative frequency of exchanging liquid food in P. scabriuscu- 
lus is moderately high in comparison to other myrmicine ants. 
Pogonomyrmex badius lacks the behavior entirely (Wilson and 
Fagen, 1974). In Orectognathus versicolor, an advanced dacetine, 
relative frequency of oral trophallaxis is low, between 1 and 2%, in 
all worker size classes (Carlin, 1981). Leptothorax curvispinosis 
(5-10%) and L. duloticus (4-6%) (Wilson and Fagen, 1974; Wilson, 
1975), have relative frequencies similar to P. scabriusculus. 
Self grooming 
A notable feature of self-grooming in P. scabriusculus, compared 
to that of other cephalotines studied, is that abdominal self- 
grooming movements are performed. In workers, about 4% of all 
self-grooming acts involved abdominal grooming with the fore- or 
hind legs. The abdomen was tucked under somewhat to facilitate 
complete coverage. In addition, in about 1% of self-grooming acts, 
the abdomen was bent forward between the legs and the tip licked. 
Self-grooming of the abdomen has never been observed in either C. 
atratus or Z. varians (Wilson, 1976; Cole, 1980; Corn, 1980). The 
