1984] 
Wheeler — Behavior of Procryptocerus 
185 
which are primitive. Z. various and C. atratus share only two char- 
acters, while P. seahriusculus and C. atratus share none. P. seabri- 
usculus and C. atratus are both considered relatively primitive, but 
behaviorally they are primitive in different ways. 
On the basis of morphological characters. Brown (1973) felt that 
all cephalotine genera besides Procryptocerus could be lumped. 
Kempf (1973) maintained the distinction betwen the genus Cepha- 
lotes and Zacryptoeerus. The behavioral data show that C. atratus is 
divergent from both P. seahriusculus and Z. varians and therefore 
support the generic distinctions proposed by Kempf (1973). 
The probable polarity (ancestral vs. derived state) of each of the 
characters in Table 3 can be assessed by outgroup comparisons with 
other ants. The closest relatives of the Cephalotini are, unfortu- 
P C Z C P z 
Fig. 2. Cladograms for 4 synapomorphic characters in 3 species of cephalotines: 
Procryptocerus seahriusculus, Cepahlotes atratus, and Zacryptoeerus varians. The 
ancestral cephalotine is assumed to have had the following profile: -at (abdominal 
trophallaxis), Tag (abdominal grooming), +str (stridulation), Tear (adult transport 
=carrying nestmate). 
