1984] 
Carpenter & Ross — Polistinae 
245 
ent, with queens having longer wings (mean = 2.71 mm versus 2.57 
for intermediates and 2.62 for workers, F = 24.54, df = 88, p <.005). 
Hamulus number was not different (F = 2.39, df =111; callows 
included), but when intermediates were lumped with workers 
queens were found to have a significantly higher average value 
(mean = 7.5 versus 7.2; t = 2.604, p<.02). When reddening of the 
metasoma was tested by a chi-square for differences among castes, 
workers were found to have a greater degree of reddening than 
expected, and queens were darker than expected (none had any 
reddening), with intermediates falling between (X 2 = 13.31, df=2, 
p<.005). Scutellar color could not be tested in this way, as almost 
all specimens were classified as ’’entirely yellow”; obviously there 
were no differences between castes. 
Richards (1978) reported on two colonies of B. scutellaris. He 
dissected 173 individuals, evidently preserved in alcohol, and com- 
pared 30 queens with 30 workers (drawn equally from the two nests) 
for forewing length, number of hamuli, number of hamuli per mm 
of wing length and width of tergum II. Color pattern was also 
compared, but he did not give details. Richards did not find differ- 
ences in most of these features, but detected a significant difference 
in hamulus number, with queens having a smaller mean number 
(7.07 versus 7.53). This result is directly contrary to ours, but again, 
there are problems with his classification into castes. He evidently 
separated intermediates from queens on the basis of size of the eggs 
(“partly developed” versus “large”), but stated that this division was 
“not sharp” in the first colony and termed the egg counts “rather 
arbitrary” in the second colony. He did not record any intermediates 
for the second colony but stated that some of the queens “might 
have been called intermediates”. It is therefore likely that some 
individuals were misclassified. Our sample size was larger than his, 
and his result of a significantly lower mean hamulus number but a 
slightly larger size for queens than workers (differences not signifi- 
cant) is contrary to the presumed general relationship (Richards, 
1949), as well as to the results of our study. It is possible that the 
relationship varies between colonies, but there is probably a general 
tendency for queens to be larger in this species. Color pattern is 
apparently largely independent of reproductive status. Scutellar 
color was not associated with caste or ovariole development in our 
colony, and Richards and Richards (1951) found opposite tenden- 
