44 
Psyche 
[Vol. 94 
were identified, without knwoledge of the slave species of the raid- 
ers, according to the following criteria: 
1) Formica schaufussi: Specimens reddish to yellowish brown 
on the head and alitrunk (=thorax). Gaster usually darker. Head 
and alitrunk usually concolorous, head sometimes slightly darker, 
never as dark as gaster. Body size typically large. 
2) Formica nitidiventris: Specimens distinctly brown. In mature 
workers head and gaster shiny medium brown, alitrunk sometimes 
concolorous, sometimes lighter with brown infuscation on dorsal 
surface. Younger workers usually have a lighter alitrunk: yellowish 
brown with brown infuscation on the dorsal surface. Body size usu- 
ally small to medium. 
3) Specimens fitting into neither of the above categories. These 
ants have the dark heads and gasters characteristic of Formica 
incerta but there are too few workers in the samples to provide 
confidence in this label. The alitrunk color is yellowish or reddish 
yellow but dark infuscation appears on some specimens. 
References 
Cool-Kwait, E. & Topoff, H. 
1984. Raid organization and behavioral development in the slave-making ant 
Polyergus lucidus Mayr. Insectes Sociaux, 31: 361-374. 
Goodloe, L. & Sanwald, R. 
1985. Host specificity and colony-founding by Polyergus lucidus queens 
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, 92(2-3): 297-302. 
Jaisson, P. 
1975. L’impregration dans l’ontogenese des comportements de soins aux co- 
cons chez la jeune Fourmi rousse ( Formica polyctena Forsten). Behav- 
iour, 52 : 1-37. 
Le Moli, F. & Mori, A. 
1984. Early learning and cocoon nursing behavior in the red wood-ant For- 
mica lugubris Zett. Boll. Zool., 49 : 93-97. 
Le Moli, F. & Passetti, M. 
1977. The effect of learning on recognition, acceptance, and care of cocoons in 
the ant Formica rufa L. Att. Soc. ital. Sci. nat. Museo civ. Stor. nat. 
Milano, 118 ( 1 ): 49-64 15-111. 
