1987] 
Goodloe & Topoff— Social parasitic ant 
299 
Table 4. Consumption of pupae: same vs. alien slave species 
Colony 
# Slaves 
#Raiders 
Total F.N.* 
Pupae Consumed 
Total F.S.** 
Pupae Consumed 
P5A 
100 
25 
15 
3 
P5B 
100 
12 
33 
0 
P5C 
100 
25 
32 
2 
P5D 
100 
50 
12 
0 
P5E 
100 
100 
35 
3 
S 
200 
0 
33 
2 
Mean 
26.667 
1.667 
* of 55 F. nitidiventris pupae 
** of 55 F. schaufussi pupae 
t = 5.24; df = 5; p < .005 
that the interactions — either brood predation or territoriality — 
occurred between closely related species, which would increase the 
probability that captured brood might survive in the captors’ nest. 
Although Experiment 1 showed that unenslaved F. schaufussi 
colonies treat pupae from alien conspecific colonies as their own, no 
information was provided to determine whether the workers are 
able to discriminate such alien pupae from their own. Experiment 2, 
by contrast, showed that enslaved F. schaufussi workers consume 
large amounts of captured alien conspecific pupae. Since none of 
the colonies in Experiment 2 had larvae, and since colonies 
appeared to be satiated on the laboratory diet, consumption of 
protein-rich pupae is even more difficult to explain. Possibly in 
these slave-makers, unique dietary requirements led to brood 
predation in the ancestral slave-makers. It might seem equally 
parsimonious to assume that a previously established host-parasite 
association, possibly the result of territorial interactions, led to 
more specialized dietary needs in the slave-makers. However, in the 
Neoformica species enslaved by P. lucidus, and in the F. fusca group 
species enslaved by P. breviceps, considered (by way of Emery’s 
Law) to be the closest relatives of these slave-makers (Wilson, 1971), 
there is no evidene to suggest a predisposition toward such territo- 
rial behaviors. 
In Alloway’s (1980) experiments with three Leptothorax slave 
species, both interspecific and intraspecific raids occurred. Some 
captured brood survived, resulting in both interspecific and intra- 
specific slavery. More important, however, were the findings from 
