1976] 
Kukalova- Peck and Peck — Calvertiellidae 
83 
The nymphal wings in the Paleozoic insects are veined, articulated 
to the notum by pteralia, movable, and are generally considered to 
be functional (Sharov, 1957, 1966, 1971; Carpenter and Richard- 
son, 1969; Kukalova, 1968; Wootton, 1972). The nymphal bend 
occurs only in those of the Paleoptera, the wings of which are 
phylogenetically bound both to be oriented laterally and to lack 
the ability of being flexed backwards over the abdomen. Neverthe- 
less, the nymphal bend itself is not phylogenetically based in Pa- 
leoptera, but is adaptive. It is an alternative solution towards gain- 
ing the advantage of wing flexing, with the result that the develop- 
ing wings do not impede as much the forward movement. This 
developed through an independent adaptation process which took 
place mainly in the young pre-adults (nymphs) and has nothing in 
common with the paleopterous or neopterous condition in the 
phylogenetic sense of these terms. 
According to abundant fossil evidence, the fact that the immature 
stages of the ancestors of modern pterygotes had not solid but ar- 
ticulated and functional wing pads is completely contradictory to 
the validity of the paranotal theory, which derives the wings from 
the solid lateral notal expansions of the apterygotes. Were the 
paranotal theory correct the apparent paradox arises that the an- 
cestral forms had hinged and complexly movable pads, while the 
descendants fell back to having “primitively” firmly attached wing 
pads, giving witness to their origin from paranota. However, the 
wing pads of modern nymphs were clearly secondarily immobilized 
and fused with the lateral margins of the terga. This adaptive proc- 
ess led to the more distinctively dimorphic condition between the 
pre-adult and adult stages in modern insects. The nymphal wing 
pads never had anything in common with paranotal expansions. 
Moravia convergens Kukalova, young nymph 
Figs. 3A-B, 4A, 6, 8 
Moravia convergens Kukalova, 1964:162 (adult). 
Occurrence: Lower Permian (Upper Autunian) of Obora, Czechoslovakia 
Original: Specimen no. 1/1976 (obverse and reverse), deposited in the Paleonto- 
logical Institute of Charles University, Prague, Czechoslovakia. 
Two fore wings of a young numph are available (actual length 
9 mm, estimated full length 10.6 mm, maximum width 3.5 mm). In 
comparison, the length of the adult fore wing is 38 mm and the 
