340 
Psyche 
[September- December 
vard collection which is probably this insect (no. 7504, Museum 
of Comparative Zoology). It is an incomplete wing, having the 
basic venational pattern of problematica but the costal and sub- 
costal areas are very narrow. This is a feature of hind wings, at 
least of orthopteroid insects, and I am of the opinion that this 
fossil is the hind wing of problematica. As shown in figure 3, the 
costal space has the small bulge basally, as in the fore wing; SC 
terminates on R1 just beyond the origin of RS, which has a single 
fork; M+CUA gives rise to two arched branches of M; CUP is 
widely separated from CUA and there is a short vein, apparently 
formed by the alignment of cross veins in that space; 1A is remote 
from CUP, unlike the structure of the fore wing. The wing is not 
preserved beyond 1 A but there is an indication that the rest of the 
anal area is folded back under the wing proper, an oblique line 
apparently marking the inner margin of the wing. 
The type specimen of Nugonioneura problematica was one of 
the “puzzles” that Tillyard found in the Yale collection of insects 
from Elmo. He believed that it had a combination of character- 
istics of the Psocoptera, Hemiptera (Homoptera), Embioptera, and 
Protorthoptera, and finally placed it in the family Permembiidae 
of the Order Psocoptera. Permembia itself, however, was and still 
is another puzzle; as noted below, it cannot even now be assigned 
with confidence to any known order. Our knowledge of Nugoni- 
oneura has been much improved since Tillyard’s description of it, 
and in addition we have a much better idea of the extraordinary 
diversity of the Protorthoptera during the Permian than previ- 
ously. Within that complex aggregation of insects, we can distin- 
guish species suggestive of Psocoptera, Hemiptera (Homoptera), 
Miomoptera, Perlaria, and of course several existing orthopter- 
oid orders. However, these possible relationships are indicated 
mainly by the fore wing venation, little being known about the 
body structure of the Protorthoptera and even less about their 
hind wings. In my opinion, therefore, it is futile to attempt at this 
time to trace the evolutionary lines within the Protorthoptera ap- 
parently leading to certain existing orders. Even less justified, I 
believe, is the assignment of such poorly-known fossils to the exist- 
ing orders concerned. For this reason, I have placed the Nugoni- 
oneuridae in the Order Protorthoptera. As a member of that order, 
it is distinguished from other families by the coalescence of M with 
