1978] 
Valentine & Glorioso — Grooming in Diplura 
197 
The general localities of these twelve species are, in sequence: Is. 
Rhodes; Mediterranean; Washington, D.C.; Greece; Greece; Aus- 
tralia; se. Arizona; semi-cosmopolitan; Italy; California; Mexico; 
Mexico. 
The remaining two families of Diplura: Procampodeidae and 
Campodeidae are described by Paclt (1957, p. 5) as having tongue- 
like processes (“languettes”) on the lacinia, but lacking pectinate 
lamellae, while Smith (1960) simply states that the two campodei- 
form families are without “pectens”. In Procampodea the lacinial 
apex has a mesal row of 4 projections, one of which is bifid; these 
structures are illustrated by Silvestri (1905b: pi. XII, fig. 21). The 
functional morphology of dipluran mouthparts is further compli- 
cated by another feature: the presence of an antebasal serrate 
prostheca (sometimes called a “lacinia mobilis”) on the mandibles of 
campodeids (see Paclt, 1957, fig. 7), anajapygids and projapygids 
(see Smith, 1960, figs. 10, 13 respectively), and anteapically on 
procampodeids (see Silvestri, 1905b, pi. XII, fig. 19, 20). The 
functions of these maxillary and mandibular structures have not 
been demonstrated, but based on our observations, grooming is one 
of the most probable uses of the pectinate lamellae. 
Jander (1966-842) states that grooming “. . . the antennae and all 
of the legs with the mouthparts ... is ... to be regarded as the 
primordial mode of grooming . . .” in tracheate arthropods. It is true 
that oral cleaning movements predominate in diversity and fre- 
quency in primitive taxa, but it is also true that virtually all 
primitive arthropods have rubbing movements too. In most cases it 
is impossible to decide objectively which came first. 
Many factors affect grooming, and all act on both primitive and 
derivative taxa. For example, grooming movements have con- 
straints imposed by body flexibility and degree of leg movement. 
The configuration of a coxa and its cavity can be primitive or 
derivative, but superimposed on this basic structure are the results 
of selection for plane of leg movement, rotation, strength, speed, 
body height, and grooming requirements. The resolution of these 
diverse pressures must result in a morphological compromise which 
affects grooming capability, but has little to do with primitiveness. 
Additional examples are numerous. An elongate, flexible, soft- 
bodied organism has different grooming patterns from a fatter, 
more rigid, sclerotized organism; one with easily abraded scales will 
