270 
Psyche 
[June-September 
Psychopsidae appears to be the most generalized of myrmeleon- 
toid families with respect to these larval features (Fig. 4). Basic 
specializations that have originated within the assemblage include 
the development of mandibular teeth (all families except Psychopsi- 
dae), elaboration of setigerous tubercles or scoli on the sides of the 
body (all except Psychopsidae and Nemopteridae), increase in the 
number of pairs of stemmata to seven (all except Psychopsidae and 
most Nymphidae), appearance of distinct ocular tubercles (Asca- 
laphidae, Stilbopterygidae, and Myrmeleontidae), fusion of tarsus 
with tibia in the metathoracic leg (same three families), and great 
enlargement of hind tarsal claws (Stilbopterygidae and Myrmeleon- 
tidae). Available evidence suggests a sister-group relationship be- 
tween Nymphidae and all other families except Psychopsidae 
(MacLeod, 1970); Ascalaphidae in turn is probably the sister-group 
to Myrmeleontidae (Riek, 1976), while the stilbopterygids — at 
least, those from Australia — may prove to be nothing more than 
specialized ant-lions (manuscript in preparation). 
As discussed in an earlier paper (Henry, 1976), several larval 
specializations appear within the Ascalaphidae (Fig. 4). For ex- 
ample, New World ascalaphine (split-eyed) forms of the genus 
Ululodes Currie and Colobopterus Rambur manifest extensively 
modified cordate heads and a complex of mouthpart specializa- 
tions, all relating to an extreme 270° “trap” position of the jaws; 
these larvae also possess fewer and longer body scoli (ten pairs) than 
other taxa, show no trace of a ventral scolus series, and bear al 
« — 1 mi " i SpAbda 
Figure 3. Mkuze larva, lateral view. SpAbds = spiracle of fifth abdominal 
segment. 
