1978] 
Aiello & Silberglied — Dynast or darius 
333 
head capsule (Figure 9, A and B) displayed a complex pattern of 
beige, brown, and black, almost obscured by a dense covering of 1 
mm long black, plumose setae. Four pairs of low bumps marked the 
positions where horns appeared in the second instar. 
Before taking their first meal, each larva (Figure 4) had a red- 
brown dorsal stripe plus four yellow and three red-brown lateral 
stripes, and an oval red dorsal spot (Figure 7A) between abdominal 
segments 3 and 4. After feeding and expanding, the larval stripes 
(Figure 5) became green and yellow, with several extra yellow stripes 
appearing between old ones. The dorsal spot became black, flanked 
on the sides with red and orange, and bordered on each end with 
orange and white (Figure 7B). A second and much smaller dorsal 
spot, white at the anterior end and black posteriorly, appeared 
between abdominal segments 5 and 6. The positions of these spots 
correspond to positions 6-7, and 8-9 of the system used by 
Burmeister (1873) and Muller (1886) who numbered thoracic and 
abdominal segments as one series. 
A pinkish red eversible gland (Figure 3), located ventrally on the 
prothorax between the legs and head, became particularly evident in 
later instars. When disturbed, larvae reared up and waved from side 
to side, emitting a pineapple-like odor that seemed to come from the 
large everted gland. 
Further Larval Development 
Number of instars 
Although larvae were reared separately and given food ad libitum, 
the number of instars varied among the ten individuals surviving to 
pupation. Three reached pupation after completing five instars, six 
after six instars, and one after seven. Due to this variability in 
development, larval size could not be used to identify instar number 
(Figure 6). 
Development time 
For the eight individuals surviving to adulthood 2 , average devel- 
opment time, from oviposition to eclosion, was 80.9 days (range: 
73-88 days, s: 6.6 days, N = 8). The amount of time spent in each stage 
by each individual is shown graphically in Figure 8. The average time 
2 Of the remaining four, one died as a first instar, one sixth instar was killed for 
preservation, and two underwent poor pupations. 
