386 
Psyche 
[December 
Table 1. The relationship between sex brand color in N. iole and several variables. 
% of observations 
Variable 
Dark Light 
orange orange 
Mottled 
Pale 
yellow 
No. of 
males 
Days since death 
3 
88 
0 
6 
6 
16 
10 
38 
50 
6 
6 
16 
17 
6 
56 
25 
13 
16 
24 
6 
44 
31 
19 
16 
31 
0 
6 
31 
62 
16 
38 
0 
0 
X 2 = 107.6, 
0 
p < 0.0001 
100 
16 
Wing condition/ age 
fresh 
94 
4 
2 
0 
48 
worn 
71 
29 
0 
0 
17 
very worn 
57 
21 
X 2 = 21.42, 
11 
p < 0.005 
11 
28 
Scales in sex brand 
present 
82 
13 
3 
1 
76. 5 a 
absent 
Condition of scales in sex 
61 
brand 
18 
X 2 = 7.06, 
9 
p < 0.05 
12 
16. 5 a 
shrivelled 
82 
13 
5 
0 
38 
half-shrivelled 
81 
11 
0 
7 
13.5 a 
flat 
86 
14 
X 2 = 6.85, 
0 
p > 0.3 
0 
25. 5 a 
fractional values indicates 
a male whose sex brands differed with respect 
to this 
variable. 
scales had been removed with a small brush. The area of the wing 
represented in each micrograph was corrected for the fact that all 
specimens were photographed from an angle of 45°. Scale attach- 
ments intersecting the bottom and left hand borders of each 
micrograph were tallied while those intersecting the top and right 
hand borders were not. This procedure reduced the possibility of 
inflated density estimates. 
Results 
The sex brand of N. iole 
Males of N. iole have an orange, ovoid sex brand (about 0.5 X 1.5 
mm) on each hindwing between the subcostal and the radius veins 
near the wing base (Figure 1 B). The brand is surrounded by a bar of 
