388 
Psyche 
[December 
Table 2. Differences between lab-reared and wild males of N. iole with respect to 
the presence and condition of scales in the sex brand. 
Scales in sex brand 
Lab-reared 
Wild 
% 
No. observed 
% 
No. observed 
present 
67 
82 
52 
95 
absent 
33 
18 
X 2 = 3.81, 
p > 0.05 
withered 
53 
49 
half-withered 
23 
35 
18 
77 
flat 
24 
33 
II 
© 
p > 0.4 
The sex brand of E. nicippe 
In E. nicippe, the sex brand appears as an orange, triangular 
patch of scales about 3 mm across on the ventral surface of each 
forewing between the second branch of the cubitus and the second 
anal vein (Figure 3A). The scales in the brand are typically brilliant 
orange in color in contrast with the white to light-orange scales that 
surround the brand. Orange pigment extends through the base of 
each scale in the wing integument where it can be seen as an 
amorphous blob underlying each scale attachment in the sex brand. 
Unlike that of N. iole, the sex brand of E. nicippe is always covered 
with scales that occur at about twice the density of scales in the 
discal cell of the ventral forewing (Table 3; t = 78.4, p < 0.001, 
df = 7). 
The scales in the sex brand and their attachments are quite 
different in form from those found on other areas of the wings 
(Figures 3B and C). The scales are shorter (60 ^um as compared to 
80 /im for scales in discal cell) and they extend from the wing surface 
at a greater angle. Other differences in scale shape are evident in 
Figures 3B and C. The sex brand scale attachments are much larger 
than those in the discal area of the wing and as in N. iole have a 
pronounced bulge or swelling behind the opening. 
The orange color of the sex brand is not constant in all specimens 
(Table 4). Older specimens, as measured by wing wear, typically 
have a bright white sex brand. In males in intermediate ages, one 
often finds an intermediate coloration, with the upper half of the sex 
