390 
Psyche 
[December 
Figure 3. Eurema nicippe: A, male ventral forewing (note sex brand under tip of 
arrow); scanning electron micrographs of male scales from the sex brand (B) and the 
discal cell (C). Colias cesonia: D, male dorsal hindwing (note sex brand under tip of 
arrow); scanning electron micrographs of male scales from the sex brand (E) and the 
discal cell (F). Scale lines: A and C, 5mm; B, 1 0/x ; C and F, 20 E, 30yu. 
integument of the wing under the scales is clear. The scales 
surrounding the sex brand are of a color similar to that of the brand. 
However the sex brand is still distinct from the rest of the wing in 
that the density of scales is twice as high (Table 3; t = 42.9, p < 
0.001 , df = 4). In fact, the scales in the brand are almost perpendicu- 
lar to the wing surface. 
The scales are also unique in form (Figures 3E and F). In 
particular, the pedicel of each scale arises from the surface of the 
scale against the wing rather than projecting from the base in the 
