1983] 
Frolich & Parker — Eumegachile 
205 
pupation. Average time from incubation to pupation was 9.7 days 
(sd = 4.3, range = 7-18, n = 9). The transformation from overwinter- 
ing larva to adult took an average of 22.3 days (sd = 2.9, range = 
20-27, n = 6), with males completing development prior to females. 
Pigmentation changes were first observed in the eyes which turned 
yellow in approximately 11 to 13 days. At 13 to 14 days both com- 
pound eyes and ocelli had turned dark brown. Wing buds became 
evident and turned yellow at 1 1 to 14 days. Mouthparts began to 
darken at 15 days and had usually turned black within 16-161/2 days. 
Coloration of general body regions started at 16 days and began 
with patches of integument at the bases of hairs on the vertex, frons, 
thoracic terga and abdominal sterna. Hairs quickly turned dark and 
pigmentation spread to the remaining portion of the head and 
thorax followed by the abdomen. Generally proximal portions of 
appendages changed color first with distal portions of the legs 
changing color last. From 16 to 20 days the body remained dull 
black while wings darkened. A shiny appearance to the body and 
hairs did not appear until just prior to ecdysis. Bees emerged from 
cells shortly after wings had darkened and proboscides had been 
retracted. 
Discussion 
The incorporation of glandular secretions into nest linings, 
widespread in the Apoidea, is believed to have evolved as a mecha- 
nism to protect larvae and provisions from dehydration and/ or the 
microbial consequences of excessively humid environs. Batra (1972, 
1980), Cane (1981), and Eickwort et al. (1981) have discussed the 
inclusion of salivary and/or Dufour’s gland components into cell 
linings and provisions of the ‘short tongued bees’ (Colletidae, Halic- 
tidae, Andrenidae) and the Anthophoridae. While the phenomenon 
has likely figured prominently in the evolution of these groups, little 
or no attention has been directed toward similar behaviors in the 
Megachilidae. Indeed, the evolution of the megachilidae has been 
viewed in a different framework. Eickwort et al. (1981) see the bulk 
of the megachilids (Megachilinae) as having evolved from a soil 
dwelling ancestor that developed the ability to gather foreign mate- 
rials (leaf pieces, mud, resin, etc.) to line cells as an alternative to 
