246 
Psyche 
[Vol. 90 
TABLE 5. Correlations between development time, date and number of females on 
the nest. 
(U 
(U 
0> 
X) 
E 
c 
Vi 
S3 
•o 
E 
3 
3 
3 
"o 
Si 
j= 
CQ 
C 
X 
i 
£ 
b. 
<2 
3 
O 
c 
c 
o 
c 
_o 
&0 
c 
Vi 
C 
u 
Vi 
.rt 
k- 
“E 
"3 
.3 
JD 
o 
E 
U 
E 
k. 
b. 
o 
U 
date 
b. 
k. 
o 
U 
E 
3 
C 
k. 
o 
U 
c 
o 
o 
2 
‘o 
O 
U 
kM 
o 
Egg development time 
Small nest 
-0.31* 
43 
Medium nest 
-0.07 
-0.15** 
0.13** 
-0.18*** 
340 
Large nest 
0.10* 
0.10* 
0.01 
0.04 
501 
Larva development time 
Small nest 
-0.58** 
28 
Medium nest 
0.46*** 
0.40*** 
0.25*** 
-0.04 
296 
Large nest 
0.65*** 
0.30*** 
0.96*** 
-0.93*** 
317 
Pupa development time 
Small nest 
-0.59** 
19 
Medium nest 
-0.15* 
-0.11 
-0.11* 
0.05 
218 
Large nest 
-0.04 
-0.16** 
0.25** 
0.29*** 
268 
*p <0.05; **p <0.01; ***p <0.001 
the nest, also has faster development times (Strassmann, unpub.). 
This is not contradicted by the very long development times 
reported by Jeanne for P. annularis since these were early spring 
data, and are therefore not strictly comparable. Another factor that 
may result in selection for fast pupa development times is that nests 
of P. exclamans are very vulnerable to predation, and to loss of the 
nest due to death of all workers (Strassmann, 1981). Short pupa 
development times may reduce the probability of nest loss. But this 
