1983] 
Kwait & Topqff — Slave-making ants 
309 
511J 
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if o' 
EMIGRATION DAY IT : Formica Activity 
1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 
TIME 
Figure 1. Activity of Formica schaufussi during colony emigration. Most of the 
workers are carrying adults and brood of Polyergus and Formica to the winter nest. 
preparation). On August 14, 1981, colony #1 raided another mixed 
nest (#2), 30 m to the east. Fighting between resident and intruding 
Polyergus workers was minimal, and only about 1 1 pupae were 
captured. Early in the afternoon on August 15, Polyergus workers 
emerged from colony #2 and backtracked over the previous day’s 
trail towards mixed colony #1. At 1715 hrs (MST), traffic again 
reversed direction, as hundreds of Polyergus workers penetrated 
nest #2. This time, however, the Polyergus emerged carrying 
hundreds of Formica brood, callows, and mature-adult individuals. 
All of the adult Formica being transported had their appendages 
closely appressed to the body, in the “pupa-like” position that is 
typical during social carrying behavior (Moglich and Holldobler 
1974). The adult Formica were carried into mixed nest #1, and none 
had re-emerged by the end of the observation period at sunset. 
The description by Huber (1810) of adult Formica transport by 
Polyergus clearly took place within the context of a colony emigra- 
tion. Our observation of similar behavior by P. breviceps is more 
difficult to interpret, but we suggest that it occurred in the context 
Table 1. Quantitative Description of Emigration Raids 
Date 
Raid # 
Time 
Polyergus 
on raid 
Adult Formica 
retrieved 
Formica pupae 
retrieved 
9/19/76 
1 
1525 
56 
37 
3 
2 
1625 
45 
35 
0 
9/20/76 
1 
1620 
69 
30 
0 
2 
1703 
30 
15 
0 
