338 Psyche [Vol. 85 
Fig. 1. A queen of M vrmoxenus f'ordiaf'ini (right) is throttling the host species 
queen during colony foundation (photograph: Faber). 
throttled her repeatedly, and often for several hours, as was de- 
scribed for Epimyrnia ravouxi females (Gdsswald 1930). Other 
Myrmoxenus queens were seen to throttle the Leptothorax queens 
by seizing their necks from the back. Like Epimyrma stumperi 
females (Kutter 1951) the Myrmoxenus queens also scent them- 
selves by first rubbing their legs over the surface of the victims, and 
then over their own backs. Sometimes the Myrmoxenus queens 
throttled some host species workers, too, or stung them to death. 
Furthermore, they attacked the alate Leptothorax females which 
were present in the nests, and killed some of them. In one L. 
Hchtensteini colony, where five Myrmoxenus females had been put 
