1983] Buschinger, Winter, & Faber — Myrmoxenus 341 
the raids is essentially the same as in Epimyrma ravouxi (Andre) 
(Winter 1979b, Buschinger et al. 1980), and in the North American 
Leptothorax duloticus (Wesson 1940), with group recruitment and 
sting fighting. 
The colony foundation behavior of Myrmoxenus also corre- 
sponds to that observed in several species of the genus Epimyrma 
(Kutter 1951, Gosswald, 1930, Buschinger and Winter, in press), 
where the queens throttle the host species queens. 
The only major difference between Myrmoxenus and Epimyrma, 
therefore, pertains to antennal segmentation. Myrmoxenus females 
and workers have 12-segmented antennae (males 13), like their host 
species group, whereas Epimyrma has 11 -segmented antennae 
(males 12). We have not yet decided whether this difference can 
really justify the maintenance of the two genera; however, we are 
convinced that the very particular raiding and colony foundation 
behaviors have a monophyletic origin. 
We are not entirely certain that Myrmoxenus gordiagini is the 
correct name of our ants. That they are identical with Finzi’s M. g. 
menozzii (1924) seems assured, since they were collected in the same 
area. We are also sure about the identity of this M. g. menozzii with 
Soudek’s (1925) Myrmetaerus microcellatus. However, if a later 
revision reveals that M. gordiagini Ruzsky and M. g. menozzii Finzi 
were two different species, then our material should be named M. 
menozzii. 
The different host species recorded for the three “forms” represent 
a minor problem. Slave-making ants often have more than one host 
species. Thus, Epimyrma ravouxi (Andre) enslaves Leptothorax 
unifasciatus (Latr.), L. nigriceps Mayr, and L. qffinis Mayr, some- 
times having two slave species together within one colony (Gdss- 
wald 1930). It is also quite conceivable that both Finzi and Soudek 
found their ants, as we did, with L. lichtensteini as host species; L. 
lichtensteini has a superficial resemblance to L. unifasciatus, and it 
is quite often confused with L. nylanderi. 
Summary 
Myrmoxenus gordiagini Ruzsky from Dalmatia, Yugoslavia, 
conducts slave raids with group recruitment and sting fighting. 
