384 
[Vol. 85 
Psyche 
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La-A La-B La-C Ll-D Ll-A Ll-C Ll-B 
Figure 7. Dendrogram of similarity derived from geometric distance based on time 
budget frequencies. 
longispinosus clustering with the three L. amhiguus colonies. Con- 
sideration of time budget data gave a reasonable but not perfect fit 
to expectation. 
Of the three dendrograms produced, the best fit to expectation 
derived from time budget data. Even this best-fit tree, though, con- 
tained an anomaly. By no statistical means could I produce a cluster 
diagram that accorded perfectly to species identity. In no case did 
the two species separate into discrete clusters. Variation among col- 
onies within a species therefore makes separation between species 
tenuous. Because most studies report data from a single colony, the 
utility of cross-species comparisons of behavior is severely limited. 
Moreover, ethograms themselves appear less discriminating than 
time budgets for separating out variation between species. It 
appears, then, that standard methods of reporting social organiza- 
tion (i.e. ethogram frequencies from a single colony) neglect critical 
information on between-colony variability and on time budgets. 
