398 
Psyche 
[Vol. 85 
brood care, food acquisition, and allogrooming are performed by 
minors and defensive tasks by majors. Defense by minors was seen 
only when the colony was experimentally submitted to attack by 
other ant species, and even then the two physical castes performed 
different tasks: minors pinioned foreign ants, making it easier for 
majors to snip them up. 
Minor 
Major 
Selfgroom 
789 (.21) 
1 10 (.43) 
Allogroom Minor 
136 (.04) 
0 
Allogroom Major 
70 (.02) 
0 
Allogroom Queen 
9 (.002) 
0 
Carry Egg 
307 (.08) 
0 
Carry Larva 
1235 (.33) 
0 
Carry Pupa 
149 (.04) 
0 
Groom Egg 
24 (.01) 
0 
Groom Larva 
223 (.06) 
0 
Groom Pupa 
225 (.06) 
0 
Assist Larval Eclosion 
1 14 (.03) 
0 
Assist Pupal Eclosion 
6 (.001) 
0 
Trophallaxis w/ Larva 
25 (.01) 
0 
Trophallaxis w/Minor 
48 (.01) 
8 (.03) 
Trophallaxis w/ Major 
5 (.001) 
0 
Trophallaxis w/Queen 
2 (.001) 
0 
Retrieve Food 
186 (.05) 
0 
Forage 
22 (.01) 
0 
Eat Brood/ Exuvia 
37 (.01) 
0 
Eat Dead Adult 
26 (.01) 
0 
Carry Brood/ Exuvia 
46(.01) 
0 
Carry Dead Adult 
7 (.001) 
0 
Carry Meconium 
1 
0 
Carry Nest Material 
1 - 
0 
Eat Solid Food in Nest 
4(.001) 
0 
Patrol at Food 
0 
52 (.20) 
Patrol Arena 
0 
22 (.08) 
Guard 
0 
63 (.25) 
Totals 
3685 (1.00) 
255 (1.00) 
Table I. Ethogram of PheiJole horlensis. Observed frequencies are followed by 
values in parentheses indicating the frequency of each act relative to the total number 
of behaviors performed by a physical caste. 
