1983] 
Gordon — Pogonomyrmex badius 
415 
All behavior observed taking place outside the nest was classified 
as one of five activities: Foraging, Nest Maintenance, Patrolling, 
Midden Work, and Convening (Table 1). For each nest, observa- 
tions noted the numbers of ants in each of the five activities. The 
sum of the five numbers is the total number of ants observed outside 
the nest. A total of 600 observations were made on the four colonies. 
The data were analysed by profile analysis (Timm 1975) to deter- 
mine whether the numbers of ants engaged in particular activities 
depend significantly on both activity and time of day. Since the 
times of foraging corresponded so obviously to the time the ants 
were fed, foraging was not considered in the analysis. 
Profile analysis is a series of 3 multivariate analyses of variance 
(manova), described in detail below. Factors considered were col- 
ony and date as main effects. The hypothesis that the intercept was 
significantly greater than zero was also considered as a main effect. 
Date was considered to be a random effect. Each analysis was made 
using the data from all 4 colonies, then repeated for each colony 
separately. Data were log-transformed to ensure that ratios, not 
numbers of ants, were used in the analysis, making it possible to 
compare colonies of different sizes. 
Results 
The first multivariate analysis of variance tested for significant 
differences in overall activity among time periods. For each day of 
observation of a given colony, a new variable was created for each 
time period by adding the (log-transformed) numbers of ants doing 
nest maintenance, midden work, convening and patrolling. Four 
differences between time periods were used as observation variables 
(Table 2, top). 
The results (Table 2) show that colonies are significantly more 
active in TP2 than in TPl, in TP3 than in TP4, and in TP4 than in 
TP5. The overall activity level of the colony has a peak in the middle 
of the day. 
The next manova tested for significant differences in the numbers 
of ants engaged in each activity, summed over all time periods. 
A new variable was created by adding, over all five time periods 
for each day of observation of a particular colony, the (log- 
transformed) number of ants doing each activity. Three differences 
