18 
Psyche 
[Vol. 88 
Fig. 6: Proportions of cases where negative effects on the wasp were present 
(hatched bars = wasp inhibited or stopped, stinging incomplete or no stinging at all) 
or not present (bars in solid black = complete stinging without apparent negative 
effects). For cases where prey defenses were recorded (left pair of bars) the 
proportion of negative effects is greater than no effects, whereas it is the reverse for 
cases where no defenses were recorded or this information was unavailable (right pair 
of bars). This indicates that prey defenses (all cases pooled) do have some negative 
effects on the wasps. It is only a trend, however, since the differences do not reach 
significance. 
It has been suggested that some protective and intimidating 
displays (e.g. in saturniid and sphingid moths) could have evolved 
from flight movements (Blest 1957) and can be classified as (1) 
rhythmic, (2) static, (3) mixed and (4) cryptic. Category (1), that 
appears to best fit the data (Figs. 3 and 5d) would be closest to the 
original flight movements. Extension of hind legs, wing beats, even 
if convulsive, are clearly part of flying which is strongly inhibited. 
