1981] 
Kearns & Yamamoto — Gargaphia 
217 
Table 1 . Elements of behavior of G. solani females when their broods were responding 
to alarm pheromone 
% of responses 
Behavior 
observed (1) 
1 . 
Female positioned slightly below exit axil 
17 
2. 
Female positioned at exit axil 
50 
3. 
Female positioned between axils 
39 
4. 
Female positioned at entrance axil 
61 
5. 
Female moved off leaf shortly after nymphs left 
78* 
6. 
Female followed nymphs onto new leaf 
78* 
7. 
Female returned to old leaf after group had moved 
33 
8. 
Female used at least one of the first four elements listed 
89* 
(1) 18 different trials 
* Significant at the 95% confidence level (Binomial distribution. Table 2, partial sums, 
Eisenhart 1952. Confidence intervals, Table A-22, Natrella 1963.) 
or a nymph pierced with a pin against a small disk of filter paper 
(after Nault et al. 1974). Blank disks of filter paper placed near an 
aggregation did not elicit an alarm response. Nymphs of G. solani 
were also collected and stored in a small container of chloroform. 
Several hundred were sufficient to provide a crude extract. Before 
the extract was tested for activity, the chloroform was allowed to 
evaporate from a small sample contained in a Pasteur pipette. The 
tip was then brought close to an aggregation, and the bulb was 
pressed gently to force the remaining volatile pheromone from the 
tip. As a control, a pipette with evaporating chloroform was also 
used. Chloroform vapors disturbed resting aggregations, causing 
individuals to move away from the pipette; but chloroform alone 
did not elicit a full alarm response with characteristic group 
movement to a new leaf. Alarm responses were studied under well- 
lighted conditions with and without the female present. 
RECORDING OF DATA 
Observations were written, tape recorded, or photographed. 
Direction of movement of aggregations on the host plant was 
recorded as up, down, or “up and down” (part of the group moved 
up, part moved down). Movement up or down was considered 
“directed”; movement both up and down, “undirected”. The new 
