1981] 
Kearns & Yamamoto — Gargaphia 
223 
Alarm Response 
The female’s presence or absence made a significant difference 
when the aggregation was alarmed. When the female was present, 
90% of the groups moved upward, and 10% moved downward; but 
none split and moved in both directions. When the female was 
absent, 67% of the groups moved either upward or downward; one- 
third of the groups split. 
POSITION OF AGGREGATIONS FOLLOWING FEEDING 
MOVEMENTS OR ALARM RESPONSES 
The results of experiments for both feeding and alarm movements 
were combined, and a comparison was made between female 
present and female absent. 
Choice of Leaf 
With a choice of 4 leaf positions above the one occupied by the 
aggregation, the probability of an aggregation’s reassembling on 
any one of the leaves was 0.25. Using the binomial distribution 
(Eisenhart 1952), we compared the choice of leaf no. 1 with the 
choice of any other leaf (Table 3). Whether females were present or 
absent, the aggregations were more likely to move to leaf no. 1 than 
to any of the other leaves. If the aggregations split between leaves, 
the split usually included leaf no. 1. This behavioral pattern of the 
nymphs increased the likelihood that the group would remain 
together following movements on the host plant. When the female 
was present, the group was more likely to move as a unit to leave 
no. 1. 
Choice of Single or Multiple Leaves 
Movement to a single leaf was compared to movement to multiple 
leaves (Table 4). The probability associated with this choice was 0.5. 
When females were present, aggregations usually moved as a unit to 
a single leaf on the host plant but when females were absent, 
aggregations split up as often as they chose a single leaf. 
WING FANNING BY THE FEMALE 
Fink (1915) reported that on one occasion he saw an adult female 
G. solani chase a ladybeetle (Hippodamia convergens Guer.) away 
