224 
Psyche 
[Vol. 88 
Table 3. Choice of leaf position by G. solani aggregations following movements 
(1) on a host plant 
% of groups observed 
Female Present Female Absent 
Leaf no. 1 
56 
36 
Leaf no. 1 in combination with one or 
17 
36 
more leaves 
Total positions including leaf no. 1 
72* (2) 
71* (3) 
(1) Feeding movements and alarm responses combined 
(2) 36 observations 
(3) 14 observations 
* Significant at the 95% confidence level 
from an aggregation of feeding nymphs: the female “with out- 
stretched, slightly raised wings suddenly darted toward the intruder, 
driving it from the leaf.” In the laboratory, adult females of G. 
solani responded similarly (Fig. 3) to ladybeetles, anthocorids, ants, 
the tip of a brush, and a tomato pinworm caterpillar which was 
spinning a cocoon. Beamer (1930) and Wood (1976a, 1976b, 1977, 
and 1978) reported wing fanning in a total of 4 species of mem- 
bracids. In each of these species, wing fanning was used by the adult 
female as a response to a predator (Beamer 1930; Wood 1976a, 
1976b, 1977) or a threatening stimulus, such as a pencil used to prod 
the female (Wood 1978). Sheeley and Yonke (1977) observed wing 
fanning by the tingid Corythucha bulbosa when a jumping spider 
Table 4. Choice of single or multiple leaves by G. solani aggregations following 
movements (1) on a host plant 
% of groups observed 
Female Present Female Absent 
Choice 
Single leaf 
81* (2) 
50 (3) 
Multiple leaves 
19 (2) 
50 (3) 
(1) Feeding movements and alarm responses combined 
(2) 36 observations 
(3) 14 observations 
* Significant at the 95% confidence level 
