1981] 
Kearns & Yamamoto — Gargaphia 
225 
approached, and they reported that the spider’s response to touch- 
ing the tingid suggested the presence of a defensive chemical. 
Wing fanning in G. solani occurred not only in response to a 
predator, but also under other circumstances. It was often associ- 
ated with alarm responses and was directed toward the nymphs as 
well as toward a possible predator. For 27 brooding females, 143 
occurrences of fanning were recorded in 2 categories: deterring a 
predator (26%) and controlling the nymphs in one of several ways 
(74%). 
Deterring Predators 
The brooding female responded to predators quickly after she 
detected their presence. The relatively large coccinellids ( Hippo - 
damia convergens, Olla abdominalis) were detected more readily 
than smaller predators such as Pharaoh ants ( Monomorium phara- 
onis) or the anthocorid, Orius insidiosus. Attacks by ants and 
anthocorids were observed with a dissecting microscope. Females 
Figure 3. Adult female of G. solani fanning her wings. 
