1981] 
Levings & Traniel/o — Territoriality in Ants 
309 
competitors are removed can provide additional evidence for com- 
petitive effects on spacing and foraging patterns. 
Acknowledgements 
This paper is a synthesis of portions of the doctoral dissertations 
of both authors. We would like to thank the following people for 
their assistance and helpful criticism: G. Alpert, F.M, Carpenter, 
N.R. Franks, S.D. Garrity, B. Holldobler, R. Levins, R. Lewontin, 
B.L. Thorne, and E.O. Wilson. Supported by the Anderson and 
Richmond Funds of Harvard University, NSF Grant BNS 80-02613 
(B. Holldobler, sponsor), and NSF predoctoral grants to both 
authors. 
Literature Cited 
Abe, T. 
1971. On the food sharing among four species of ants in a sandy grassland, I. 
Food and foraging behavior. Japanese Journal of Ecology 20: 219-230. 
Adams, E., and J. F. A. Traniello. 
1981. Chemical interference competition by Monomorium minimum. 
Oecologia in press. 
Alloway, T. M. 
1980. The origin of slavery in leptothoracine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). 
American Naturalist 115 : 247-261. 
Ashton, D. H. 
1979. Seed harvesting by ants in forests of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell in 
central Victoria. Australian Journal of Ecology 4 : 265-277. 
Autori, M. 
1941. Contribuicao para o conhecimento da sauva ( Atta spp. Hymenoptera: 
Formicidae) ( Atta sexdens rubripilosa Forel 1980). Arquivos do Institu- 
te Biologico 12 : 197-228. 
Baroni-Urbani, C. 
1969. Ant communities of the high altitude Appenine grasslands. Ecology 50: 
488-492. 
Baroni-Urbani, C. 
1979. Territoriality in social insects. In: The Social Insects, H. R. Hermann, 
ed. Academic Press, N.Y. 
Bernstein, R. A. 
1974. Seasonal food abundance and foraging activity in some desert ants. 
American Naturalist 108 : 490-498. 
Bernstein, R. A. 
1975. Foraging strategies of ants in response to variable food density. Ecology 
56 : 213-219. 
Bernstein, R. A. 
1979. Schedules of foraging activity in species of ants. Journal of Animal 
Ecology 48 : 921-930. 
