340 
Psyche 
[Vol. 88 
Table I. Frequencies of common flower species, 1974 
Flower species 
Origin 1 
Time of 
maximum 
bloom 
Frequency 2 
No. 
inflores- 
cences/ m 2 ^ 
Hieracium pratense 
I 
mid June 
70 
12.55 ± 2.06 
Chrysanthemum 
leucanthemum 
j 
late June 
54 
2.21 ±0.32 
Cornus racemosa 
N 
late June 
12 
2.10 ± 1.10 
Satureja vulgaris 
N 
late July 
30 
12.11 ± 3.08 
Achillea millefolium 
I 
late August 
20 
1.04 ±0.34 
Daucus carota 
I 
late August 
30 
0.87 ± 0.20 
Solidago juncea 
N 
late August 
60 
12.86 ±2.08 
S. graminif olia 
N 
early Sept. 
54 
9.16 ± 1.85 
S. rugosa 
N 
early Sept, 
44 
8.42 ± 2.03 
S. altissima 
N 
early Sept. 
62 
14.69 ± 3.05 
1 N = native species; I 
= introduced 
species 
2 Number of 1 m 2 subquadrats (out of 100) in which species was flowering during 
period of maximum bloom. 
3 Mean number of inflorescences (sprays for Solidago ) per subquadrat during 
period of maximum bloom ± standard error. 
This flowering trend of early-summer introduced species and late- 
summer-fall native species probably holds for central New York as a 
whole. In Figure 2 I plotted the number of open-habitat, entomo- 
philous species blooming in the entire Cayuga Lake Basin during 
each 2-week period over the season (compiled from Wiegand and 
Eames 1925). Again, introduced species predominate in early 
summer. Later in the summer, native and introduced species are 
about equal in number, but the tremendous abundance of goldenrod 
(Table I; also Ginsberg 1979, Hurlbert 1970) results in a preponder- 
ance of native flowers late in the season. 
Foraging phenologies of the most common bee species indicate a 
partitioning of the season according to foraging times. Native wild 
bees (mostly primitively social halictines) predominated in early 
summer, while Apis mellifera predominated in late summer (Table 
II). This presents the interesting situation that native bees foraged 
primarily on introduced flowers in early summer, while the intro- 
duced honey bees foraged on native flowers in late summer and fall 
(Table III). 
