38 • Alternatives to Animal Use in Research, Testing, and Education 
mal species (e.g., dogs, cats, or rabbits), and do- and education. It indicates the laboratory species 
mestic farm animals (e.g., horses, cattle, or pigs). fallingwithinthisassessment'sdefinitionofanani- 
^ r . i • • , mal and the species that can be classified as "alter- 
Table 2-1 is a classification of the principal liv- ^ 
1 1 npitivps 
ing organisms that are used in research, testing, 
Table 2-1.— Some Types of Living Organisms Used in Research, Testing, and Education 
Alternatives: 
(2) Cartilaginous fish— e.g., sharks 
1. Prokaryotes (any living organism without a nuclear 
(3) Bony fish 
membrane) 
b. Amphibians 
A. Bacteria 
(1) Frogs— e.g., Rana 
1 . Escherichia coli 
(2) Toads— e.g., Xenopus 
2. Salmonella 
(3) Salamanders 
3. Streptococcus 
c. Reptiles 
4. Bacillus 
(1) Turtles 
B. Fungi— e.g., yeast 
(2) Crocodiles 
II. Eukaryotes (any living organism with a nuclear 
(3) Alligators 
membrane) 
(4) Snakes 
A. Plants 
(5) Lizards 
B. Invertebrates 
2. Warm-blooded vertebrates 
1. Protozoa 
a. Birds 
a. Paramecium 
(1) Quail 
b. Amoeba 
(2) Chickens 
2. Porifera— e.g., sponges 
(3) Pigeons 
3. Coelenterates— e.g., Hydra and Jellyfish 
(4) Doves 
4. FJatworms— e.g., Planaria 
(5) Ducks 
5. Segmented worms 
b. Mammals 
a. Earthworms 
(1) Bats 
b. Leeches 
(2) Rodents 
c. Annelids 
(a) Mice 
6. Nematodes— e.g., Caenorhabditis elegans 
(b) Rats 
7. Molluscs 
(c) Gerbils 
a. Gastropods— e.g., snails and Aplysia 
(d) Guinea pigs 
b. Pelecypods— e.g., mussels 
(e) Hamsters 
c. Cephalopods— e.g., squids and octopuses 
(f) Squirrels 
8. Arthropods 
(3) Marine mammals 
a. Limulus (horseshoe crabs) 
(a) Dolphins 
b. Arachnids 
(b) Whales 
(1) Spiders 
(c) Seals 
(2) Ticks 
(d) Sea lions 
(3) Mites 
(4) Rabbits 
(4) Scorpions 
(5) Armadillos 
c. Crustaceans 
(6) Carnivores 
(1) Daphnia 
(a) Dogs 
(2) Brine shrimp 
(b) Cats 
(3) Crayfish 
(c) Ferrets 
d. Insects 
(7) Ungulates 
(1) Crickets 
(a) Cattle 
(2) Cockroaches 
(b) Sheep 
(3) Drosophila (fruit flies) 
(c) Horses 
(4) Lice 
(d) Pigs 
(5) Beetles 
(e) Miniature pigs 
(6) Moths 
(f) Goats 
(7) Butterflies 
(g) Donkeys 
9. Echinoderms 
(h) Burros 
a. Sea urchins 
(8) Primates 
b. Sand dollars 
(a) Baboons 
c. Sea cucumbers 
(b) Capuchins 
(c) Chimpanzees 
Animals: 
(d) Macaques, Cynomolgous 
C. Vertebrates 
(e) Macaques, Pig-tailed 
1. Cold-blooded vertebrates 
(f) Macaques, Rhesus 
a. Fish 
(g) Marmosets 
(1) Jawless fish— e.g., lampreys 
(h) Squirrel monkeys 
SOURCE: Office of Technology Assessment. 
