CONTENTS 
Page 
Definition of Terms 4 
How Many Animals Are Used? 5 
Ethical Considerations 6 
Alternatives in Research 6 
Alternatives in Testing 8 
Alternatives in Education 10 
Computer Simulation and Information Resources 11 
Economic Considerations 12 
Funding for the Development of Alternatives 13 
Regulation of Animal Use 13 
Federal Regulation 13 
State Regulation 15 
Institutional and Self -Regulation 15 
Regulation Within Federal Agencies 16 
International Regulation 17 
Policy Issues and Options for Congressional Action 17 
Issue: Should steps be taken to encourage the use of available alternatives in 
research, testing, or education? 19 
Issue: Should the more rapid development of new alternatives in research, 
testing, or education be stimulated? 22 
Issue: Should improvements be made in information resources to reduce any 
unintentionally duplicative use of animals in research and testing? 23 
Issue: Should animal use in research, testing, or education be restricted? .... 26 
Issue: Should more accurate data be obtained on the kinds and numbers of 
animals used in research, testing, and education? 29 
Issue: Should Federal departments and agencies be subject to minimum 
standards for animal use? 31 
Issue: Should the Animal Welfare Act of 1966 be further amended, or its 
enforcement enhanced? 32 
List of Tables 
Table No. Page 
1-1. Animal Use Reported to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1983 5 
1-2. National Laws for the Protection of Animals in Selected 
European Countries 18 
1-3. Policy Issues Related to Alternatives to Animal Use and Options 
for Congressional Action 20 
Figure 
Figure No. Page 
1-1. Chronological Sequence of Chick Embryo Chorioallantoic 
Membrane Assay 9 
