Chapter 5 
The Use of Animals 
in Research 
I know that half of what I teach as fact/' said a wise medical pedagogue , "will be proved 
false in 10 years. The hard part is that I don't know which half His statistics may not be 
exact, but the notion is right enough. No one knows which half, and it is impossible to 
know except in retrospect. 
That is what research is— the reason for the prefix. The half that is wrong is at least as 
important as the half that is right, because the new questions come in ferreting out the 
errors— and new answers too. 
Kenneth L. Brigham 
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine 
N. Engl. J. Med. 312:794, 1985 
