CONTENTS 
Page 
Continued, But Modified, Use of Animals in Biomedical Research 114 
Reduction in the Number of Animals Used 114 
Substituting One Species for Another 116 
Reduction of Pain or Experimental Insult 117 
Use of Living Systems in Biomedical Research 118 
In Vitro Research 118 
Invertebrates . 122 
Micro-organisms 123 
Plants 123 
Use of Nonliving Systems in Biomedical Research 124 
Chemical and Physical Systems 124 
Epidemiology: Using Existing Databases 124 
Computer Simulation in Biomedical Research 124 
Continued, But Modified, Use of Animals in Behavioral Research 126 
Reduction in the Number of Animals Used 126 
Substitution of Cold-Blooded for Warm-Blooded Vertebrates 128 
Reduction of Pain or Experimental Insult 130 
Use of Living Systems in Behavioral Research 133 
Invertebrates 133 
Plants 135 
Use of Nonliving Systems in Behavioral Research 136 
Computer Simulation in Behavioral Research 136 
Summary and Conclusions 138 
Chapter 6 References 139 
List of Tables 
Table No. Page 
6-1. Research Methods Involving Living Components 113 
6-2. Properties of In Vitro Culture Systems 119 
6-3. Some Examples of Computer Simulation of Phenomena in 
Biomedical Research 125 
6-4. Some Examples of Computer Simulation of Behavioral Phenomena 137 
List of Figures 
Figure No. Page 
6-1. Apparatus for Remote Blood -Sampling via Chronic, Intravascular Catheter 
From Unrestrained Ferret 118 
6-2. Schematic of Experimental Organ Perfusion 120 
