Ch. 7— The Use of Animals in Testing • 165 
Department of Agriculture 
USDA administers the Virus-Serum-Toxin Act 
of 1913 (21 U.S.C. 151 et seq.), under which it 
licenses animal biologies . The regulatory require- 
ments are similar to those administered by FDA 
for other animal drugs. Animal testing is under- 
taken to substantiate labeling claims for animal 
drugs and to prove their safety. The testing re- 
quired by USDA for proof of safety and effective- 
ness of these animal biological drugs is extensive. 
Under a series of statutes, USDA exercises close 
inspection authority over the processing of meat, 
poultry, and eggs for human consumption. These 
statutes prohibit any misbranding or adulteration. 
Testing is required to substantiate labeling claims . 
Although most safety issues are handled by FDA, 
testing may also on occasion be required by USDA 
to demonstrate safety under particular conditions. 
USDA administers a number of statutes designed 
to control and eradicate disease in plants and ani- 
mals. This authority extends from research through 
to control of interstate and foreign transportation. 
Substantial testing is undertaken by USDA in pur- 
suing these statutory mandates. 
Centers for Disease Control 
The Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 201 et 
seq.) authorizes CDC to take appropriate action 
to prevent the spread of communicable disease. 
Pursuant to this authority, CDC regulates any agent 
that could cause such illnesses. CDC uses animal 
data to determine the agents that should be reg- 
ulated. 
Under the authority of the Occupational Safety 
and Health Act of 1970, the National Institute for 
Occupational Safety and Health, a component of 
CDC, develops and periodically revises recommen- 
dations for limits of exposure to potentially haz- 
ardous substances or conditions in the workplace. 
When morbidity cannot be explained on the basis 
of current toxicological knowledge, NIOSH must 
design toxicological investigations to discover the 
cause. Such occupational hazard assessments are 
based on data on humans and animals collected 
by NIOSH. 
Federal Trade Commission 
The Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 
41 et seq.) prohibits any advertisement that is mis- 
leading in a material respect. FTC has adopted the 
position that an advertiser must have adequate sub- 
stantiation for any claims relating to safety or ef- 
fectiveness. Thus, manufacturers and distributors 
regularly test their products, using data on humans 
and animals to substantiate their claims. 
STATE USES OF ANIMAL TESTING DATA 
States engage in a variety of regulatory activi- 
ties that rely directly or indirectly on animal test- 
ing data. One of the most important longstanding 
uses is the registration of pesticides. Air, water, 
and waste have also been the subject of State leg- 
islation in recent years. State laws often use ani- 
mal testing data for the identification and classifi- 
cation of substances for control. Several States have 
also enacted right -to-know laws that may give peo- 
ple greater access to testing data, although such 
legislation does not necessarily affect the amount 
of testing done. 
Pesticide Registrations 
All States are required to register pesticides un- 
der Section 24 of FIFRA. Most States have 5,000 
to 10,000 pesticides registered and grant 5 to 10 
emergency exemptions per year. As part of the 
registration process, States receive animal testing 
data for evaluation. Much of the time, the infor- 
mation is required only in summary form, unless 
the State specifically requests the raw data. The 
data are usually obtained directly from the regis- 
trant to avoid possible delays or confidentiality 
