Chapter 9 
Animal Use in Education 
and the Alternatives 
Any experienced teacher of physiology knows that the " feeling " of a beating heart in the 
opened chest of a dog does more to reinforce the lessons about cardiac physiology than any 
words he can speak. This is not an argument for unlimited use of animals, but it is a recog- 
nition that biology is ultimately about living organisms and that learning about living organ- 
isms requires some experience with them. 
Joel A. Michael 
Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center 
March 4, 1985 
Generations of surgeons and veterinary surgeons have been trained without practising on 
live animals and the Government intends future generations to do so as well. 
Microsurgery will be the only surgical skill which we at present contemplate permitting 
to be practised on living animals. 
Scientific Procedures on Living Animals, Command 9521 
British Home Office 
May 1985 
